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BibliographyBiodiversity Issues and StatusBing, Su and Li-Ming Shi. 1995. "Genetic Diversity in the Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) as Estimated by Protein Electrophoresis." Conservation Biology 9(4) 947-951. Birdlife International. 2003. Species Factsheet: Yunnan Nuthatch. http://www.birdlife.net/species/threatened_species.cfm?SpcRecID=6892&GeoRecID=241 Bleisch William and Nan Chen. 1990. "Conservation of the Black-Crested Gibbon In China ." Oryx 24(3): 147-156. Bleisch, William and Nan Chen. 1991. "Ecology And Behavior Of Wild Black-Crested Gibbons (Hylobates Concolor ) In China With A Reconsideration Of Evidence For Polygyny." Primates 32(4): 539-548. Burgoa, Freddy Delgado. 2001. "Report on the International Cultures and Biodiversity Congress (CUBIC 2000), Yunnan , China , 20-30 July 2000." Mountain Research and Development 21(1): 86-87. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Kunming Institute of Ecology. 1993. Vegetation Ecological Landscapes of Yunnan. 191pp. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. 2003a. Mountains of Southwest China . http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/where_we_work/southwest_china/southwest_china_info.xml Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. 2003. CEPF Fact Sheet: Mountains of Southwest China . http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/static/pdfs/CEPF.SouthwestChina.factsheet.pdf Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. 2002. Ecosystem Profile: Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot. http://www.cepf.net/ImageCache/cepf/content/pdfs/final_2echina_2esouthwestchina_2eep_2epdf/v1/final.china.southwestchina.ep.pdf Conservation International. 2003a. Biodiversity Hotspots: Mountains of Southwest China . http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/china/ Conservation International. 2003b. Biodiversity Hotspots: Mountains of Southwest China: Threatened Species. http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/ImageCache/Hotspots/content/south_5fcentral_5fchina_2d20/thrspp20_2epdf/v3/thrspp20.pdf Ge, Song, Da-ming Zhang, Hai-Qun Wang and Guang-Yuan Rao. 1997. "Allozyme Variation In Ophiopogon Xylorrhizus, An Extreme Endemic Species Of Yunnan , China ." Conservation Biology 2: 562-565. Geng, Shusheng and Shila Ma. 2000. "Comment: Decline of Musk Deer in China and Prospects for Management." Environmental Conservation 27:323-325. Abstract: In spite of the prominence that conservation of biodiversity has achieved in the world (McNeely 1992), the rate of decline of species with high commercial value is still increasing. The limited arable land and human demand for materials have become major factors contributing to declines in biological resources (Ma et al. 1997). Musk deer have long been famous for the musk that only the male produces. Due to the limited supply of natural musk, musk has been a major item of international trade and the object of smuggling from this region over a long period of time (Sheng 1987, 1992; Liu 1996). The population of wild musk deer has suffered heavy pressure, and the species is on the brink of extinction. G., Hengxiao, J. D. McMillin, M. R. Wagner, J. Zhou, Z. Zhou and X. Xu. 1999. "Altitudinal Variation In Foliar Chemistry And Anatomy Of Yunnan Pine, Pinus Yunnanensis, And Pine Sawfly (Hym., Diprionidae) Performance." Journal of Applied Entomology 123(8): 465-471. Haimoff, Elliot H., Xiao-Jun Yang, Swing-Jing He and Nan Chen. 1987. "Conservation of Gibbons in Yunnan Province , China ." Oryx 21(3): 168-173. Haimoff, E. H., X. J. Yang, S. J. He and N. Chen. 1986. "Census And Survey Of Wild Black-Crested Gibbons (Hylobates Concolor Concolor ) In Yunnan Province , People's Republic Of China ." Folia Primatologica 46(4): 205-214. Harkness, James. 1998. "Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China ." The China Quarterly 156: 911-934. Hong, Deyuan and Zhenyu Li. 1996. "Biodiversity and its Conservation and Management in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya Region of China ," in Pei Shengji (ed.), Banking on Biodiversity: Report on the Regional Consultation in Biodiversity Assessment in the Hindu-Kush Himalayas . Katmandu : International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Jarvis, D. L. and Helin Liu. 1993. "Vegetation patterns in the Pinus yunnanensis-sclerophyllous broadleaved forests, Mianning County , Sichuan Province, China ." Journal of Biogeography 20 (5): 505-524. Ji, W. and A. Rabinowitz (Comps). 1995. "Proceedings for the Workshop of Trans-boundary Biodiversity Conservation in the Eastern Himalayas , November 22-26, Kunming , China ." Kunming , China : Conservation Biology Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology. 156pp. Jiang, Cheng-Lin and Li-Hua Xu. 1996. "Diversity of aquatic actinomycetes in lakes of the Middle Plateau, Yunnan, China." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(1): 249-253. Jiang, Qiu Ming and William V. Bleisch. 1996. "Preliminary Assessment Of Large Mammals In The Namcha Barwa Region Of South-Eastern Tibet ." Oryx 30(1): 37-44. Kirkpatrick, R. Craig. 1997 "Search for the snub-nosed monkey." Natural Abstract Deals with the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, a species endemic to the province's Yunling Mountains . Inspirations of the author to traveled to Yunnan Province; Study on how the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey lived; The key to the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey's two-level social organization and large home range; Protection for the monkeys. Kirkpatrick, R. Craig, Y. C. Long, T. Zhong and L. Xiao. 1998. "Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti." International Journal of Primatology 19(1): 13-52. Kirkpatrick, R. Craig and Y. C. Long. 1994. "Altitudinal ranging and terrestriality in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)." Folia Primatologica 63(2): 102-106. Lan, Daoying. 1999. "Diversity and Conservation of Slow Loris in Yunnan , China ." Tiger Paper 26(4): 12-15. Abstract: Capture for trade and habitat destruction are the main threats to the long-term survival of the genus Nycticebus in all countries it inhabits. Due to the lack of field research, there is insufficient information available to formulate the necessary conservation action required for the genus. Surveys and studies, prohibition of trade, and the enforcement of laws are needed to protect the lorises. Lan, Daoying, and Robin Dunbar. 2000. "Bird and mammal conservation in Gaoligongshan Region and Jingdong County , Yunnan , China : patterns of species richness and nature reserves." Oryx 34 (4): 275-286. Abstract: Elevational and latitudinal patterns of species richness for birds and mammals were compared with human population density in relation to nature reserve designation in two areas of Yunnan Province , China . Results suggest that species richness is not the same for the two areas. In Gaoligongshan Region, species richness is inversely correlated with elevation and altitude, while reserve designation is positively correlated with elevation and latitude. In Jingdong County , reserve designations are positively correlated with elevation, but species richness shows no clear trends. In general, the present situation is strongly influenced by human activities. It appears that reserve designation is mismatched with species richness in Gaoligongshan Region, while there is a better fit between the two in Jingdong County . In both areas, however, it appeared that reserves were located primarily in order to reduce conflict with humans rather than to maximize conservation of biodiversity, probably because humans were responsible for forest-especially primary forest-destruction and degradation in the low-lying areas. Li, W. and H. Wang. 1999. "Wildlife trade in Yunnan Province , China , at the Border with Vietnam ." Traffic Bulletin 18(1): 21-30. Abstract: Despite improvement in recent years in the regulation of wildlife trade in Yunnan Province along southern China 's border with Vietnam , there are significant deficiencies in wildlife trade management, particularly the short supply and poor motivation of relevant government personnel, and poor targeting of public awareness initiatives. These shortcomings, identified during a study of wildlife trade in the region in 1997, may have been exacerbated by the changes the authors found had occurred in market demand, methods of transportation and transactions, and in the function of open markets since previous surveys were undertaken in the region three years earlier. Implementation of legislation was also found to be seriously lacking. The discovery, in July 1999, that a large network of smugglers has been involved in dispatching wildlife specimens and products through the post, and the recovery of thousands of such items, illustrates how current the problem is. If this trade is to be controlled effectively, as a minimum, technical and financial resources must be increased, and training provided to wildlife officials and those responsible for market management, transportation, public security and border control. Li, Xiwen and D. Walker. 1986. "The Plant Geography of Yunnan Province , Southwest China ." Journal of Biogeography 13(5): 367-397. Abstract: The potential natural vegetation of Yunnan is described in thirteen major categories based on geographical region and climate (tropical, monsoon, subtropical, montane), seasonality (evergreen, deciduous), stature of dominants (trees, shrubs, herbs, savanna) and leaf form (broadleaved; 'conifer'). Each has numerous subsidiary types. At the generic level the flora is drawn from fifteen distribution types of which the tropical southeast Asian, the pantropic, the north temperate and the eastern Asian account for 50% of the genera. It is hypothesized that the great species richness of Yunnan and the frequency of vicarious subspecies and varieties is the result of rapid diversification as the Himalayan uplift accentuated topographical variety over an already steep climatic gradient. Li, Zhao-Yuan. 1993. "Preliminary investigation of the habitats of Presbytis francoisi and Presbytis leucocephalus , with notes on the activity pattern of Presbytis leucocephalus." Folia Primatologica 60(1-2): 83-93. Li, Zhixiang and Zhengyu Lin. 1983. "Classification and Distribution of Living Primates in Yunnan China ." Dongwuxue Yanjiu 4(2): 111-120. In Chinese with English summary. Liu, A, S. Pei and S. Chen. 2000. "Yi nationality's sacred groves and biodiversity conservation in Chuxiong , Yunnan ." Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 11(4): 489-92. In Chinese. Abstract: Sacred groves occur in many ethnic minority areas of Yunnan , China , which have ecologically multiplex functions and effects on biodiversity management and conservation at grassroots level. In this paper, an extensive field survey was carried out to evaluate the role of the sacred groves of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong of Yunnan . Three forest communities (sacred grove, common forest and natural reserve) under different management were sampled, and their plant species diversity was compared. The result shows that the total species, endemic species and Shannon-Wiener index in the sacred grove community were respectively 67, 17 and 2.96, higher than those in natural reserve (44.8 and 2.17) and common forest (34.4 and 2.39). The sacred groves of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong of Yunnan play an important role in local biodiversity conservation and management. Liu, Wenyao, John E. D. Fox and Zaifu Xu. 2002. "Biomass and nutrient accumulation in montane evergreen broad-leaved forest (Lithocarpus xylocarpus type) in Ailao Mountains , SW China ." Forest Ecology and Management 158(1-3): 223-235. Liu, Wenyao, John E. D. Fox and Zaifu Xu. 2000. "Leaf Litter Decomposition Of Canopy Trees, Bamboo And Moss In A Montane Moist Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest On Ailao Mountain , Yunnan , South-West China ." Ecological Research 15(4): 435-447. Abstract Litter decomposition and nutrient release of selected dominant synusiae in an old-growth, evergreen, broad-leaved mossy forest on Ailao Mountain , Yunnan , south-west China , were studied over a 22-month period. The species studied were three dominant tall tree species, Lithocarpus xylocarpus Markg., Lithocarpus chintungensis Hsu et Qian and Castanopsis wattii A. Camus; one dominant understory species (the bamboo Sinarundinaria nitida Nakai); and a mixture of dominant mosses (including Homaliodendron scalpellifolium Fleisch, Symphyodon perrottetti Mont., Herberta longifolissa Steph. and Bazzania albicans Horik.). Fast initial litter decomposition was followed by lower rates. Decomposition rates of canopy species and bamboo leaf litter appear to be controlled by the initial concentration of lignin, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) more than by morphological features of the leaves. The decay rate of moss litter was less correlated with nutrient composition and lignin concentration in initial mass. The order of decomposition rates was Castanopsis wattii > L. xylocarpus > L. chintungensis > bamboo > moss. The decomposition rate constants (k) of the leaf litter for the canopy species L. xylocarpus, L. chintungensis and Castanopsis wattii were 0.62, 0.50 and 0.64, respectively, and 0.40 and 0.22 for bamboo and moss, respectively. Turnover time (1/k) for the three canopy species was 1.61 years, 2.0 years and 1.55 years, respectively, and 2.50 years and 4.55 years for bamboo and moss, respectively. The N and P concentration in the decomposing leaf litter increased in the first 6 months and then decreased over the remaining period. There was a relatively rapid initial loss of potassium (K), followed by a slight increase. Each of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) decreased with time whereas iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) increased with time to some extent. Nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter was in the order of K > Mg > Ca > N > P > Mn > Fe, except for bamboo. Long, Y, C. R. Kirkpatrick, Zhongtai and Xiaolin. 1994. "Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)" Primates 35(2): 241-250. Luo, Y. B. and S. C. Chen. 1999. "Observations of putative pollinators of Hemipilia flabellata Bur. et Franch. (Orchidaceae) in north-west Yunnan Province , China ." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 131(1): 45-64. Mittermeier, Russell A., Norman Myers and Cristina Goettsch-Mittermeier. 1999. " South-Central China ." In Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest And Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Mexico City : CEMEX; Conservation International. Ma, Shilai, Han Lianxian, Daoying Lan, Weizhi Ji and Richard B. Harris. 1995. "Faunal resources of the Gaoligongshan Region of Yunnan , China : Diverse and threatened." Environmental Conservation 22(3): 250-258. Olsen, David M. and Eric Dinerstein. 1998. "The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Earth's Most Biologically Valuable Ecoregions." Conservation Biology 12(3): 502-512. Quan, Rui-Chang, Xianji Wen and Xiaojun Yang. 2002. "Numbers of Migratory Waterbirds at Lake Lashihai , China ." Waterbirds 25(2): 239-244. Quan, Rui-Chang, Xianji Wen, Xiaojun Yang, G. H. Peng and T. F. Huang. 2001. "Habitat Use by Wintering Ruddy Shelduck at Lashihai Lake , Lijiang , China ." Waterbirds 24(3): 402-406. Reid, D. G., Jinchu Hu and Yan Huang. 1991. "Ecology of the Red Panda Ailurus Fulgens in the Wolong Reserve , China ." Journal of Zoology 225(3): 347-364. Rijal, Kamal (ed). 1999. Energy Use in Mountain Areas: Trends and Patterns in China , India , Nepal and Pakistan . ICIMOD. Saywell, Trish. 1998. "A Government Photographer Comes to Rescue Yunnan 's Endangered Snub-nose Monkeys." Far Eastern Economic Review 161(5): 34-35. Sheng, H. L. 1992. The Deer in China . Shanghai: East China Normal University Press. In Chinese. Stedman-Edwards, Pamela, ed. 2002. " China : Southwestern Forests." Socioeconomic Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss: Applied Case Study. World Wildlife Fund. http://www.panda.org/downloads/policy/rcchina.doc Sun, Yue-Hua. 2000. "Distribution And Status Of The Chinese Grouse Bonasa Sewerzowi." Wildlife Biology 6(4): 271-275. Su, Bing and Li-ming Shi. 1995. "Genetic Diversity In The Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus Bieti) As Estimated By Protein Electrophoresis." Conservation Biology 9(4): 947-951. U.S. Embassy, Beijing . 1996. Saving the Snub-Nosed Monkey: Student Environmental Action in China . November. http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/english/sandt/webmonk.htm USFWS. 2003. Species Profile for Musk Deer . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Program. http://ecos.fws.gov/servlet/SpeciesProfile?spcode=A056 . Walker, D. 1986. "Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Vegetational And Climatic Changes In Yunnan Province , Southwest China ." Journal of Biogeography 13(5): 477-486. Wang, X, Feng Z. and Ouyang Z. 2001. "The Impact Of Human Disturbance On Vegetative Carbon Storage In Forest Ecosystems In China ." Forest Ecology and Management 148(1-3): 117-123. Wang, Xiao-Ming, Ji-Tai Peng and Hua-Ming Zhou. 2000. "Preliminary Observations On The Distribution And Status Of Dwarf Blue Sheep Pseudois Schaeferi." Oryx 34(1): 21-26. Wang, Z., C. Carpenter and S. S. Young. 2000. "Bird Distribution and Conservation in the Ailao Mountains , Yunnan , China ." Biological Conservation 92(1): 45-57. Abstract: Results from a long-term ecological study carried out by Chinese and American researchers in the Xujiaba Ecological Reserve within the Ailao Shan Nature Reserve show the importance of the Ailao Mountains as a sanctuary for numerous bird species. Natural forest cover is decreasing throughout Southwestern China and adjacent Southeast Asia leading to a diminished habitat for plants and animals throughout the region. Remnant primary and secondary forests in the Ailao Mountains supply habitat for an abundance of bird species and other wildlife, many facing possible extinction. This study analyzes the bird diversity of three different ecosystems: primary broad-leaved evergreen forest on the crest of the Ailao Mountains , and two secondary pine forests, regenerating from clear-cut evergreen broad-leaved forest, on the eastern and western slopes. The primary forest {30 ha plot) has the greatest diversity of bird species with 169 species in the summer and 107 in the winter compared to 98 and 75, respectively, for the western slopes (40 ha plot) and 72 and 49, respectively, for the eastern slopes {40 ha plot). The research found a large local seasonal migration between the crest of the mountain range and the slopes as well as increasing numbers of long-distance migrants. The research also notes that the variety of ecosystems supports a large variety of bird species including 218 within the Ecological Reserve and 365 in the greater Northern Ailao Mountains . Conservation efforts in the Reserve focus not only on resident birds, but also on migratory birds. Because of a seasonal local migration, forest ecosystems outside of the Reserve need preservation as well as forests inside of the Reserve. To accomplish effective conservation, a combination of ecological research, conservation education and local economic development must be incorporated. Wang, Zhijun. 1986. "Preliminary Analysis on the Bird Community of the Evergreen Broadleaf Forests in the Ailao Mountain , Yunnan Province ." Dongwuxue Yanjiu 7(2): 161-166. In Chinese with English summary . Wang Zhijun, Wu Delin, Chen Huojie. 1996. "Preliminary Survey on Transfrontier Wildlife Trade in Yunnan," in Conserving China's Biodiversity (II) , Peter Johan Schai, Wang Sung and Xie Yan, eds. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press. Beijing . http://www.chinabiodiversity.com/shwdyx/technical-report-e/x-6e.htm ABSTRACT Wei, Fuwen, Zuojian Feng, Zuwang Wang, Ang Zhou and Jinchu Hu. 1999. "Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the red panda (Ailurus fulgens)." Journal of Zoology. 248(4): 535-54. Wei, Fuwen, Zuojian Feng, Zuwang Wang and Jinchu Hu. 2000. "Habitat use and separation between the giant panda and the red panda." Journal of Mammalogy 81(2): 448-455. Wei, Fuwen, Zuojian Feng, Zuojian; Wang, Zuwang; Hu, Jinchu. 1999. "Current Distribution, Status And Conservation Of Wild Red Pandas Ailurus Fulgens In China ." Biological Conservation 89(3): 285-291. Wu, Bao-Qi. 1993. "Patterns of spatial dispersion, locomotion and foraging behaviour in three groups of the Yunnan snub-nosed langur (Rhinopithecus bieti )." Folia Primatologica. 60(1-2): 63-71. WWF. 2002. WWF Factsheet: Musk Deer. World Wildlife Fund. http://www.panda.org/species/CITES Xiong, Jianhua et al.1987. "Ecotypic Differentiation and Geographical of Indigenous Rice Varieties in Yunnan Province of China Based on Isozyme Loci". In Suzukis (eds), The Proceedings of the International Workshop on Crop Genetic Resources of East Asia: 221-229. Yang, De-Hua. 1988. "Black Snub-Nosed monkeys in China ." Oryx 22(1): 41-43. Young, S. S. and S. R. Herwitz. 1995. "Floristic diversity and co-occurrences in a subtropical broad-leaved forest and two contrasting regrowth stands in central-west Yunnan Province , China ." Vegetatio 119(1): 1-14. Zhao, Ermi, Guanfu Wu and R. F. Inger. 1989. "Ecological and geographic distribution of the amphibians of Sichuan , China ." Copeia. 3: 549-557. Zhao, Qikun. 1999. " Responses to Seasonal Changes in Nutrient Quality and Patchiness of Food in a Multigroup Community of Tibetan Macaques at Mt. Emei ." International Journal of Primatology 20(4): 511-524. Zheng, Z. X. 1982. "On the eution of Garrulax (Timaliinae), with comparative studies of the species found at the center and those in the periphery of the distributional range of the genus." ACTA ZOOL. SIN. 28(3): 205-210. Zhong, T., L. Xiao, R.C. Kirkpatrick and Y. C. Long. 1998. "A brief report on Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, Rhinopithecus (R.) bieti, at Bamei in northern Yunnan Province , China ." Primate Conservation (18): 76-80. Abstract: The authors provide preliminary information on two groups of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys in Bamei township, Yunnan Province , China . One group is called the Shalin group and the other is called the Bamei group. Information from the Shalin group provided tentative support for the hypothesis that sub-populations of snub-nosed monkeys are subject to local extinction and subsequent recolonization from neighboring sub-populations, and information from the Bamei group shows the consistency of ecological adaptations of the species throughout its range. Zhu Yingguo, Mei Jihua, 1984. "Studies on Esterase Isozyme in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.), Indigenous to Yunnan ." Journal of Wuhan University 1: 111-122.
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